The Twelver Shia Salih ibn Mirdas rose against the Fatimids in a similar manner, and by 1025 managed to conquer most of Syria, western Iraq and parts of Lebanon. 4 4 Prithvi Singh Student of Islam Author has 1.7K answers and 1.5M answer views 3 y Related How do you identify a member of the Shia Muslim minority in India? Several Christian denominations are represented, including Orthodox and Catholic denominations and one Protestant church, and there is a small Jewish minority. The tradition in this case refers to practices based on what the Prophet Muhammad said, did, agreed to. [14] According to Husayn Mroue, Shiism was one option among many for the communities of Jabal Amel, but for them, a positive and inviting dialectical relationship between the theological construct of Imamism and its social milieu gave precedence to the Shiite possibility. [15] When the Fatimids conquered the region in 970, they quarrelled with the local Shiites. [14] Moreover, an Alid uprising took place in 912 at the hands of Ibn al-Rida, a descendant of 10th Imam Ali al-Hadi, in the nearby Damascene countryside against the Abbasid governor of Damascus. Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. * True Religion Brand Jeans general counsel Deborah Greaves says fake jeans often smell funny because of the way they're shipped to the U.S. Al-Jazzar was initially on good terms with Nassif, but their alliance reached a bad point some time in 1781. [16] And more recently, in 2018 the CIA World Factbook estimated that Sunni Muslims constitute 30.6%[19] of Lebanon's population.[20][21]. Only by this can you face the conspiracy and put an end to the civil strife.[36]. In order to bring their demands (mulabiyya) to the attention of the French authorities, petitions were signed and presented to the French High Commissioner and the Service de l'Instruction Publique. Following Ali al-As'ad's death in 1865, the Ottomans abolished the Sidon eyalet and incorporated Jabal Amel to Syria, effectively bringing Shiites under direct control of the Ottomans. In one confrontation, Sadiq Hamzeh and his men killed and wounded around fifty French soldiers, and took their weapons. [28] Is True Religion made in Mexico? [28], Zahir's military potential was significantly boosted by the backing of 10,000 Shiite fighters, noted by a French consul as "excellent fighters",[28] who aided him against the sieges and assaults of the governors of Damascus, and participated in fifteen subsequent campaigns against his foes. A Lebanese term for soldier or police. A . From 1385, much of Jabal Amel and Safed was ruled by the Shia Bechara family, the descendants of Husam ad-Din Bechara. The group soon became widely vilified in the Islamic world for its armed campaigns across throughout the following decades, which included slaughtering Muslim pilgrims and sacking Mecca and Medinaand Salamiyah. Vacillating Wildly From Dispiriting to Exhilarating. verset coranique pour attirer les femmes. While governmental Sunni religious institutions and figures such as Abdel Malik Saadi, Rafi Rifii, and senior clerics of the Sunni Endowmentsan institution that was perceived to be infiltrated by sympathizers of Iraq's Muslim Brotherhoodplayed some role in mobilizing Arab Sunnis in the Anbar sit-ins, the institutional landscape has changed At the best of times, the Alawites are regarded by Sunnis as heretics; at times of tension, when thousands of Sunnis in Syria are being killed, they are regarded as the enemy. 22. What does 222 mean in Bible? About Us; Staff; Camps; Scuba. [12], The spread of Shia Islam in Lebanon and the Levant was a complex, multi-layered process throughout history. [25][13][26] In 1363, the Mamluks released an official decree prohibiting Shia rituals practiced among "some of the people of Beirut, Sidon and their surrounding villages", threatening punishment and military campaign. Khan, etc. Shia Twelvers in Lebanon refers to the Shia Muslim Twelver community with a significant presence all over Lebanon including the Mount Lebanon (Keserwan, Byblos), the North (Batroun), the South, the Beqaa, Baabda District coastal areas and Beirut. Sunni, Arabic Sunn, member of one of the two major branches of Islam, the branch that consists of the majority of that religion's adherents. [36][25], After al-Jazzar's death he was succeeded by Sulayman Pasha al-Adil in 1805, who signed a treaty with the Shiites in order to end their attacks. lebanese sunni surnamesaileen wuornos timeline. The great majority of Shia Muslims in Lebanon are Twelvers. Yunus' deep rivalries with Fakhreddine eventually culminated in the Battle of Anjar in 1623, which ended with the confirmation of Yunus' other son, Ali, as the Bekaa's multezim. But surnames arent reliable either, given the number of intermarriages that occurred under Baath party rule. Forty years in the wilderness, away from the flesh-pots of Egypt, had entailed harsh habits, the counted date and the hoarded water; nor had a thousand years in the wilderness of a Christian world, where only the secret treasure was safe, encouraged display; but the world was altering, the desert was flowering; in stray corners here and there . In the Bekaa valley, the Shiites joined the Druze in ravaging Zahle and Baalbek after being alienated by the Zahalni (townsfolk of Zahle). [66], The Aga Khan IV made a brief stop in Beirut on 4 August 1957 while on a global tour of Nizari Isma'ili centres, drawing an estimated 600 Syrian and Lebanese followers of the religion to the Beirut Airport in order to welcome him. Though perhaps somewhat better established in neighbouring Syria, where the faith founded one of its first da'wah outposts in the city of Salamiyah (the supposed resting place of the Imam Isma'il) in the 8th century, it has been present in what is now Lebanon for centuries. [21][22] Shias in the Bekaa valley remained under Muslim rule and were on good terms with Bahramshah (11821230), who welcomed a prominent Shia scholar from Homs in the city in 1210s, a gesture that "gave morale to the Shiites living in the nahiyah (of Baalbek)". The Isma'ilis of Wadi al-Taym and Jabal Shuf were among those who converted before the movement was permanently closed off a few decades later to guard against outside prying by mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims, who often viewed their doctrines as heresy. [24], By the early 14th century, Jabal Amel was becoming the Twelver Shia center of the Levant. [40], Following the official declaration of the French Mandate of Greater Lebanon (Le Grand Liban) in September 1920, anti-French riots broke out in the predominantly Shia areas of Jabal Amil and the Beqaa Valley. With Shiism losing ground in Aleppo due to previous Seljuq, Ayyubid and now Mamluk takeover, a stream of scholars shifted to Jabal Amel, and the area probably received migrants from there as it provided refuge from Sunni rigor. This marker found in many inhabitants of Lebanon, regardless of religion, signals pre-Arab descendants, although not exclusively. shia surnames in pakistan. The Shiites gradually grew more accepting of Greater Lebanon due to various sectarian and non-sectarian reasons. [41] For example, the middle-class of predominantly urban Sunni areas expressed their demands for educational reforms through petitions directed towards the French High Commissioner and the League of Nations. [81], Haplogroup J2 is also a significant marker throughout Lebanon (29%). - Quora Answer (1 of 11): It isn't any coincidence to find the same surname shared between the different religion in different regions in Lebanon ..one of the most common and big ones : * Zaiter * Moqdad * Harb * Tawq * Itani * Merabi * Zein * FAH's * Safadi * Aoun * Khatib And when a popular Sunni figure is strangely abducted and arrested by Lebanon's General Security Service an organization linked to the Hezbollah militia that, in turn, is linked to the Syrian government the Alawites become the whipping boys. They seem to have been replaced by the Harfush dynasty as deputies of Baalbek later by 1498. Name of a friend of Prophet Muhammad. During the revolt in 1938, the French requested British Royal Air Force support during their operations against insurgents in Bint Jbeil and South. Although there is common ancestral roots, these studies show some difference was found between Muslims and non-Muslims in Lebanon, of whom only 17.1% have this haplotype. [13] Qarmatian influence may have also played a role when the latter gained foothold in neighboring Homs before the Abbasids kicked them out in 903. According to the CIA World Factbook, Shia Muslims constituted an estimated 31% of Lebanon's population in 2022.[1]. [53], In addition, the Shia Twelvers in Lebanon have close links to the Syrian Shia Twelvers. These Itureans inhabited the hills above Tyre in Southern Lebanon, historically known as Jabal Amel, since at least the times of Alexander the Great, who fought them after they blocked his army's access to wood supply. Lebanese Sunni Muslims (Arabic: ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam in Lebanon, which is one of the largest denomination in Lebanon tied with Shias. [31] The 18th century French orientalist comte de Volney who visited Lebanon toward the late 1780s described Lebanese Shiites as a "distinct society",[32] and a 19th century British traveler observed that they were hated by Persians as Arabs, and by Turks and Arabs as Shiites, a predicament which was not shared by any other group.[31]. You can also tell a Sunni from a Shiite based on where he goes to pray: Locals would know the affiliation of each mosque, and outsiders may be able to tell by reading the banners or inscriptions. BEIRUT/AMMAN (Reuters) - A club of former Lebanese prime ministers said on Sunday they endorsed the choice of another former premier, Najib Mekati, to form a new government in yet another attempt. Divisions between Lebanese Sunnis and Shi'ites opened up after the 2005 assassination of former prime minister Rafik al-Hariri. Lebanon's heavily armed Hezbollah, a part of the political fabric, wields great influence in the country. Among the factors contributing to the recent surge of Sunni extremism in Lebanon, the most prominent is perhaps the growing Sunni resentment of Hezbollah, especially after the Shiite movement in May 2013 officially announced its military involvement in Syria, in support of Bashar al-Assad. One of the names of prophet. [9], During Roman rule, Aramaic became the lingua franca of the entire Levant and Lebanon, replacing spoken Phoenician on the coast, while Greek was used as language of administration, education and trading. Lebanese Shia Muslims (Arabic: ), historically known as matwila (Arabic: , plural of mutawlin[2] ([Lebanese pronounced as metouali[3]]) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Shia branch of Islam in Lebanon, which plays a major role along Lebanon's main Sunni, Maronite and Druze sects. Baalbek in the 18th century was really under the control of the Metawali, which also refers to the Shia Twelvers. 1221), one of Baalbek's few Shia scholars at the time, took the initiative and retreated to the slopes of Mount Lebanon, where he was joined by ten thousand guerillas according to 13th century historian al-Yunini, a number surely exaggerated. Haplogroup J2 is also a significant marker in throughout Lebanon (27%). Unlike the Druze, the Shiite emirs were regularly denounced for their religious identity and persecuted as Qizilbash heretics per Ebussuud Efendi's definitions. [36] Resistance subsided following the French campaign, and Adham Khanjar and his men continued their sabotage missions until an unsuccessful assassination attempt on French High Commissioner Henri Gouraud, which led to Khanjar's execution in 1923.[40]. Ibrahim (Arabic/Biblical origin) meaning "friend of God"; Ibrahim is the Arabian derivation of the Biblical name Abraham. As haplogroup J1 finds its putative origins in the Arabian peninsula, this likely means that the lineage was introduced by Arabs beginning at the time of the 7th century Muslim conquest of the Levant and has persisted among the Muslim population ever since. [13][12] According to al-Muhajir, a similar thing would have happened in Jabal Amel which received a population influx from the Shia-populated urban centers at the time, most notably Tyre and Tiberias, as well as Amman, Nablus and the surrounding countryside. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another. What happened should be written in gold. The three Shia principalities underwent different historical trajectories. Lebanese policymakers have struggled to come to terms with the phenomenon of Islamic radicalization in a country where Sunnis make up roughly a quarter of the population and for decades have lived side by side with Christians, Shia, and other Muslim sects. [10][11][12] After independence from France, their co-religionists, the Assad family, came to power in Syria in 1970.[13]. [14] According to al-Muhajir, this Shiite presence in the Bekaa was later reinforced by migrants from Mount Lebanon following the Mamluk and Ottoman campaigns against Shiites in the 14th and 17th centuries respectively, as well as migrants from the Shia villages in Anti-Lebanon Mountains, where the Harfush dynasty originated from. Officially, the country's policy has been to host them until the war in the . Genealogical DNA testing has shown that 21.3% of Lebanese Muslims (non-Druze) belong to the Y-DNA haplogroup J1 compared with non-Muslims at 17%. What does Mustafa mean in Arabic? Once again in 1195, Husam ad-Din and his forces fought off a Frankish siege at Toron. They profess Islam and belong to the Sunni sect and observe all Muslim fairs and festivals . Reuters Jamie Prentis Feb 27, 2023 Listen In English Listen in Arabic In a 2020 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, authors showed that there is substantial genetic continuity in Lebanon and the Levant since the Bronze Age (33001200 BC) interrupted by three significant admixture events during the Iron Age, Hellenistic, and Ottoman period, each contributing 3%11% of non-local ancestry to the admixed population. The Christians (Nasara) are your brethren in the country and in destiny. [19], Further east in the Bekaa valley, sources are scarce and generally uninformative. Prior their alliance, Zahir backed the Shiites in a battle against the Shihabis in 1750, when the latter were routed and defeated. The Shiites resented the Shihabi-Egyptian alliance, and assumed a central role in the efforts of expelling the Egyptians from Syria. Got a question about todays news? [49] The institutionalization of Shia Islam during this period provoked discussions between Shiite scholars and clergy about how Shiite orthodoxy should be defined. The admixtures were tied to the Sea Peoples of the Late Bronze Age collapse, Central/South Asians and Ottoman Turks respectively. The name "Sunni" is derived from the phrase "Ahl al-Sunnah", or "People of the Tradition". [28] In 1771 and 1781, they also gave refuge to the displaced Shiites from Mount Lebanon and Jabal Amel who were fleeing the brutality of the Shihabis and Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar. Cha c sn phm trong gi hng. What are some of the most common family names in Lebanon? [36] Furthermore, Maronite newspapers had negatively depicted the Shiite groups, often as murderers and pillagers. [22] In 1217, an elite Hungarian contingent was virtually annihilated by local archers in Jezzine, a Shia locality at the time, and the prisoners were paraded in Damascus. Many Southerners went to Syria to participate, whereas in the Beqaa Valley battle spread to the Qalamoun Mountains and Akroum, where according to eye-witness accounts Shiites took more than 400 rifles and fifty horses as booty from French forces. [23] Husam ad-Din also participated in the Battle of Hattin and was one of the commanders of Saladin's right flank during the Siege of Acre in 11891191, according to Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani. Other names cant be linked to one sect or the other: Youll find plenty of Muslims from both camps named after Mohammed or his daughter Fatima. by | Feb 25, 2023 | british canoeing star awards | call kingsport times news | Feb 25, 2023 | british canoeing star awards | call kingsport times news As a response, Sadiq Hamzeh hoisted the Arab flag in several villages as a symbol of rejecting French occupation. Tripoli was subject to a 4-year long siege which culminated with its fall in 1109. Al-Fil closed the plant down on 15 July just after the war broke out to safeguard against the deaths of workers in the event of such an attack, but the damage was estimated at a steep 55million US dollars, with the reconstruction timeframe indefinite due to instability and government hesitation. According to a CIA 2018 study, Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 30.6% of Lebanon's population. [13] Al-Yunini identifies other notable Shia individuals from Baalbek in this period, including Muhammad bin Abi al-Hasan (11981278) from Baalbek, a battle-hardened fris and amir of 20 soldiers who fought the crusaders and Mongols; and Muhammad bin Muwaffaq al-Tanukhi (fl. Shiites view Ali and his two sons, Hassan and Hussein, as the first of the 12 imams, or holy leaders of Islam. [12] Between Fakhreddines millions and the Medicis. Alternative spelling. [28] Entering the conflict as virtually the most powerful taxlord dynasty of the entire Syrian coastlands, the campaign left the Hamadas physically broken and politically dependent on Ahmad Ma'n. This marker is found in many inhabitants of Lebanon, regardless of religion, signals pre-Arab descendants, including the Phoenicians. On the other hand, the official recognition of legal and religious Shiite institutions by the French authorities strengthened a sectarian awareness within the Shia community. Aragona Capital > Uncategorized > lebanese sunni surnames > Uncategorized > lebanese sunni surnames lebanese sunni surnames. 27 febrero, 2023 . These people influenced Lebanese art, literature, music, cuisine, religion, and architecture. Some Afghan last names are: Khan Noorzai Ahmadzai Mohammadzai Sarwar Zia. lebanese sunni surnames. In Ja'far al-Muhajir's assessment, the presence of pro-Alid tribes such as Hamdan and Madh'hij in the region after the HasanMuawiya treaty in 661 CE, likely acted as a vector that facilitated the Shi'ism among segments of the local populations in Jabal Amel, Galilee and Beqaa valley,[13] where anti-Abbasid sentiment was common as a result of discrimination and ongoing marginalization of the region by the Abbasids. [2], Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, Sunni notables traditionally held power in the Lebanese state together, and they are still the only ones eligible for the post of Prime Minister. The majority of Afghans are Sunni Muslims, while a minority are Shia Muslims. [36], After violence subsided, Mehmed Fuad Pasha appointed the Shiite leader Ali al-As'ad to a commission to investigate the causes of the civil war, and put him in charge of maintaining order in eastern Lebanon, around Damascus and in Hauran. Tripoli's second qadi Jalal al-Mulk invested large sums in turning the city a famous center for learning, founding a "House of Knowledge" that attracted scholars, as well as a notable library of reportedly 100,000 volumes. Sheikh Ahmad Rifai was the imam of a . February 27, 2023 . and through the Ottoman period (ending in 1918), has virtually been bereft of communal autonomy. There are 64 Maronite Maseehi members registered in Sahel Alma (Kessrouan). These contacts greatly angered the Ottomans. Thng thng vic ng s cho ngy hm nay s din ra vo sau kt qu ca k quay trc tm khong 1 n 2 gi ng h hoc vo bui sng ca ngy hm nay, chnh v th m cc bn c th cn thi gian truy cp vo xem nh. Sunni Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium. The French had dispersed the Shiite leaders and thousands of peasants who feared reprisals, and the high fines imposed on them caused financial misery. Each sect has its own call to prayer with slightly different language and timing. However, the Ottomans did confirm tax-collectorship iltizam to the local Shia in Jabal Amel, Bekaa valley and northern Mount Lebanon as part of their efforts of relying on local intermediaries rather than forcibly imposing foreign ones. Lebanese Christians (95%), Shia Muslims (95%) and Sunni Muslims (86%) all . / shia surnames in pakistan. And in most Middle Eastern countries, concern about extremism has increased in the past year. [47], Sayyid Abdul-Husayn Sharafeddine believed that the only way to ward off foreign political influence was to establish modern schools while maintaining Islamic teachings. Home. Ignored in a post-independence law passed in 1951 that defined only Judaism and Christian sects as official, Muslims continued under traditional Ottoman law, within the confines of which small communities like Isma'ilis and Alawites found it difficult to establish their own institutions. [34] The duo's first decisive battle took place in Lake Huleh in 1771, when the 10,000-strong Ottoman army of Uthman Pasha al-Kurji was virtually annihilated by the duo's forces; about 300-500 Ottoman soldiers survived the battle, and Uthman Pasha returned to Damascus with only 3 of his soldiers. In addition, Abdul-Husayn Sharafeddine expressed solidarity with the Palestinian strike and demand for independence. In the 2006 Lebanon War, Israeli warplanes bombed the factory of the Maliban Glass company in the Beqaa valley on 19 July. Unsuccessful in the imperial capital of Cairo, they began discreetly proselytising around the year 1017 among certain Arab tribes in the Levant. Seven Shia Twelver (Mutawili) villages that were reassigned from French Greater Lebanon to the British Mandate of Palestine in a 1924 border-redrawing agreement were depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and repopulated with Jews. In 996998, rebels in Tyre drove out the Fatimids for two years until the revolt was suppressed and the dissidents crushed. Due to official persecution by the Sunni Zengid dynasty that stoked escalating sectarian clashes with Sunnis, many Isma'ilis in the regions of Damascus and Aleppo are said to have fled west during the 12th century. Isma'ilism, or "Sevener Shi'ism", is a branch of Shia Islam which emerged in 765 from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad. [68] Though they are nominally counted among the 18 officially-recognised sects under modern Lebanese law,[69] they currently have no representation in state functions[70] and continue to lack personal status laws for their sect, which has led to increased conversions to established sects to avoid the perpetual inconveniences this produces. According to al-Maqdisi, half of the population of the towns of Hunin and Qadas were Shia Muslims, while Shiites were the majority in Amman and Tiberias adjacent to Jabal Amel. (Yazid, for example, is said to have assassinated Hussein.) [35][36], Through his 10,000-strong cavalry army, Nassif imposed control on all territories between Sidon and Safed and laid siege to Beirut, and had a crucial role in aiding Zahir's campaigns in Palestine and western Transjordan. [72], Lebanese Shia Muslims are concentrated in south Beirut and its southern suburbs, northern and western area of the Beqaa Valley, as well as Southern Lebanon.[73]. Sami Ramadan, a Sunni recruiter for Shiite Hezbollah's Saraya al-Muqawama, sits in a school in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley, Oct. 20, 2015. [17], Some of the primary accounts for Lebanon are relayed by Al-Maqdisi (c. 966985) and Nasir Khusraw. Despite taking part in Ali Janbulad's rebellion, Yunus later emerged as one of the Ottomans' favorite intermediaries, and his influence extended into the decisions of the Sublime Porte and the Janissaries. Ibn al-Rida was eventually defeated and killed in battle near Damascus and his head was paraded in Baghdad. south bend fire department news. [13], Most of Jabal Amel regained its autonomy under Husam ad-Din Bechara, a presumably local Shiite officer of Saladin who participated in the capture of Jabal Amel and became its lord from 1187 until 1200. Isma'ili Shi'ism also differs doctrinally from Imami Shi'ism, having beliefs and practices that are more esoteric and maintaining seven pillars of faith rather than five pillars and ten ancillary precepts. The boys' school was known as al-Ja'fariyya, and was able to continue despite financial difficulties. 37. Ismail (Arabic/Hebrew origin) meaning "to be heard by God". Although it can be considered offensive nowadays, it was a way to distinguish the uniqueness and unity of the community. [28][34] This grande scurit that Nassif and Zahir imposed on the region best manifested when Ali Bey al-Kabir of Egypt requested Nassif's help to put down the rebellion at Cairo in 1773, or when he was sought by nomadic tribes in the Syro-Jordanian desert for help.[28]. The term 'mutawili' is also the name of a trustee in Islamic waqf-system. Alessandria Masi/International Business Times [5], The Sunnis of Lebanon have close ties with Saudi Arabia, who supports them financially. Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid killed one of the city's Alid notables in 903 for alleged Qarmatian sympathies.
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