Lutheranism Spread to Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and it became the Established Church: in Norway and Sweden. d. The word Machiavellian has come to mean "cunning and unscrupulous" -- a prototype for a totalitarian dictator, right or left wing. During this period of adversity, the power of the guilds and their domination of the city were on the wane; as a result, successful merchants and bankers, chiefly Cosimo de Medici and Giovanni Rucellai in the 15th century, were able to shape civic politics and culture through a system of oligarchy and patronage. In Renaissance Italy, work for artists came via commissions from wealthy patrons. 2. 4. In the late fifteenth century, Florence had more woodcarvers than butchers, suggesting that art, even more than meat, was a necessity of life. 3. b. The volume on display is a . Rome is located in the central portion of the Italian peninsula, on the Tiber River about 15 miles (24 km) inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea. The heraldic colors that drape the horses probably belonged to the painting's patron, as yet unidentified. Once there, y ou should check out the Col osseum, Piazza di Spagna, and the Pantheon among others. Florence flows in its 15th-century brilliance; there's the Uffizi Gallery - home to works by Michelangelo and Sandro Botticelli - and the handsome Ponte Vecchio bridge. It is also one of the most famous structures in all of Ancient Rome. * An Englishman, he wrote Utopia, a book about an ideal country that was free from war, injustice, poverty, and ignorance. 1598: Henry issued the Edict of Nantes (religious toleration and guaranteed political rights for Hugenots) ending the Civil War. The Adoration of the Magi. a. 25 Famous Paintings to See the Next Time Youre in Florence, Fra Bartolomeo: portrait of Girolamo Savonarola. Like many patrons of the time, Julius was motivated by a mixture of vanity, pride, passion for the arts, and religious piety, and was even known to threaten artists if the work was not completed . This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello. Florence became the center of this financial industry, and the gold florin became the main currency of international trade. 1. 2.) Signori (despots) or oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) controlled much of Italy by 1300. d. It required the clergy to renounce worldly pleasures. Florence in the Early Renaissance by Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris The Renaissance really gets going in the early years of the fifteenth century in Florence. In addition, the younger son of Lorenzo was elected Pope Leo X; his pontificate (151321) was noteworthy for its cultivation of the arts, especially his employment of Raphael. 1536: Institutes of the Christian Religion. But as surprisingly small as Florence is, the riverside city looms large as the cradle of the Renaissance. Question: How can salvation be achieved? In his personal memoir, he talks about his motivations for these and other commissions, noting that . Clear in the distant landscape are the Palazzo Vecchio, center of the city administration; Brunelleschi's huge cathedral dome; and the campanile designed by Giotto. A Florentine sculptor best known for his life size statue of St. George. A humorist who portrayed a comic world of giants whose adventures satirized education, politics, and philosophy. Other details preserve a traditional, conservative religious outlook. Are you trying to get us to do your homework for you? If the painting was gilded from the outset, this would have been specified in the contract between artist and patron. A master might also give lesser commissions entirely over to his assistants, simply approving the work as meeting his standard. Ever since Georgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists (1550, revised and enlarged 1568), the study of Renaissance art has been inextricably tied to the concept of patronage. He was not believed, it appeared to disagree with logic and the Church disagreed with it also. a. This yearning to close the gap between human existence and the divine was a frequent Neoplatonic theme. A painter associated with Venice and known for his portraits of famous people and his scenes from mythology and the Bible, such as the Assumption of the Virgin. * Inexpensive printed materials afforded all people opportunities for literacy & learning,and encouraged talented people to write. For most of the fifteenth century, the Epiphany was celebrated in Florence with a great festival. c. Loyalty was stronger to the Church than to a nation or political leader. What does the author mean by 'rebirth of the Renaissance'? Most commissions were for religious works. 12th Century: Europeans discovered paper from the Moslems. There are normally 45 trains per day travelling from Milan to Florence and tickets for this journey start from 9.90 when you book in advance. Giuliano Medici, the younger brother of Lorenzo, was nursing a bad knee on Easter Day 1478 and had to be helped to the cathedralby the very men who were plotting to kill him and his brother during mass. Soon after, Florence annexed itself to the new Kingdom of Italy, serving as its capital during the period 186570. As worshipers bowed their heads at the elevation of the host, Giuliano was brutally stabbed. * French, Italian, Spanish, German, and English are vernacular or national languages. With the rise of Cosimo I to titled nobility and to absolute rule in Florence, the political and cultural vitality of the city had all but ebbed, prompting a modern scholar to refer to the succeeding era as the forgotten centuries. Florences dukes had become minor players in the broader European balance of great powers, and they linked themselves chiefly with the noble houses of France. Click the card to flip . * Supposedly these stories were related by pilgrims journeying to the religious shrine at Canterbury. Many northern scholars also traveled to Italy to absorb Italian art and learning. A Greek who settled in Spain, painted religious scenes such as the Assumption, portraits of church officials, and the famous landscape, View of Toledo. Not as Protestant as Edward's advisors -- she wanted a strong national church that would unite the English People. The half-round shape of this painting, called a lunette, was used most often over doorways. Rearing horses in the background, for example, appear to reflect the colossal horses of the Dioscuri. b. 6. This 9 night sample itinerary includes: Flight into Rome and out of Milan. Stability was briefly threatened in 1478 by the brutal but abortive Pazzi conspiracy seeking to end the Medici rule. Medici patronage bankrolled the works of the architect Brunelleschi, sculptors Donatello and Ghiberti, and painters Masacchio, Sandro Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Paolo Uccello, Filippo Lippi, Piero della Francesca and Domenico Ghirlandaio, who explored three . Day 6 - Departure to Rome. b. c. By satirizing social evils, Erasmus encouraged people to think about reforms. An Italian born in Florence, served the Florentine Republic as a secretary and diplomat. Explore Italy without the stress of planning on an 11-day tour of the country's most popular destinations, including Rome, Naples, Florence, Venice, and Milan. Henry was married six times: He was only survived by Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward. Indulgences: a grant of forgiveness for sins committed during the Crusades. Direct link to drszucker's post A full citation can be fo, Posted a year ago. The open window and mourning dove were familiar symbols of death, alluding to the flight of the soul and the deceased's passage to the afterlife. 3.) The other early Italian city-states to appear in northern . b. Areopagitica: in which Milton advocated freedom of the press. c. Mary Tudor: the only child of Henry and Catherine of Aragon to survive. Direct link to Wendy Vo's post I think it is just the wo, Posted 6 years ago. They underwrote the accomplishments that are now singled out with the term Renaissance, and their palaces came to dominate the city as fully as the church buildings in which they established their family chapels. In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture. 15th-century Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance. b. d. Missionaries: gained converts for the Church in India, China, Japan, and North America. b. This was just as well because the majority of surviving correspondence we have from such artists as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519 CE) and Andrea Mantegna (c. 1431-1506 CE) involves respectful but repeated demands for the salary their illustrious, yet tight-fisted patrons, had originally promised them. a. Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)--- Papacy headquartered in Avignon, France under the domination of the French king. Delve beneath the famed sights and Florence is a lived-in Italian metropolis. 3. b. Famed for the biblical scenes he painted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. One of the early architectural achievements of the Renaissance was the massive dome on the Florence Cathedral. b. Credi failed to alter the position of her fingers, leaving her with an unnatural gesture unthinkable from such a keen observer of nature as Leonardo. However, in 1277 CE, after a drawn out conflict, the Della Torre were defeated by another noble family - the Visconti. 2. * Nepotism, Simony, and the Sale of Indulgences. The decorated parade floats recalled the lavish spectacle of processions in Florence. Many banking families, for example, viewed the funding of altarpieces and chapels as a kind of penance for usury (moneylending at interest), which was condemned by the church but inherent to their profession. Many of Milan's old monuments and buildings were destroyed during WWII and the new construction and modern architecture give Milan a sophisticated vibe. c. Much of the land was given to supporters of Henry---creating a "new nobility" personally loyal to him and his policies. on panel, Samuel H. Kress Collection, 1943.4.36. Essay by Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, Posted 9 years ago. Notable Works: The Night Watch, The anatomy Lesson, and Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. It takes an average of 2h 16m to travel from Milan to Florence by train, over a distance of around 155 miles (249 km). East Building He imitated the style of classical writers. I think it is just the wording problem here. Florence attracted people of talent from elsewhere in Italy, and the city acquired many priceless works of art. Returned to Scotland and overthrew Catholic authority and established the Presbyterian Church. 2. Their journey was successful: not only was the money recovered, but medicine made from a monstrous fish Tobias encounters along the way cures Tobit's blindness. a. Luther translated the New Testament into German. 2.) c. Lutheran and Calvinist in attitude: making the Church of England more Protestant. What were some examples of the "powerful guilds" mentioned in the second paragraph and were they in any way similar to Bards' guilds? Patricians, or upper-class Romans, were patrons to plebian clients. D. Machiavelli's The Prince represented an attempt to find ways to . The people of ancient Rome were divided into two classes: wealthy, aristocratic patricians and poorer commoners called plebians. Acclaimed British historian Hibbert's latest work focuses on three members of the notorious Borgia family of Spain, who came to power in Rome with the election of Alfonso de Borgia (1378-1458), the scholarly bishop of Valencia, to the papacy as Calixtus III. a. Cost of Malpensa- Rome is 59 or 59.50 depending on which airport bus you take, and for train all the way from FCO to Florence, 58. Northern Germany: Johann Tetzel, a dominican monk. * Charles sent an army to Rome to prevent the Pope from taking action in favor of Henry. Here's the best 10 day itinerary for road tripping from Milan to Rome. Milan to Florence by train. Milan. Florence saw itself as the ideal city state, a place where the freedom of the individual was guaranteed, and where many citizens had the right to participate in the government (this must have been very different than living in the Duchy of Milan, for example, which was ruled by a succession of Dukes with absolute power). b. Select your number of nights in each city, desired hotel and activities. I think the author said that Reinaissance means the revival/rebirth of classical, ancient Greek/Roman value! a. Aristarchus-200's B.C.-theorized that the sun was the center of the universe. Rome to Florence train takes you north through Italy's scenic Lazio and Tuscany regions. a. Individualism: a desire for a direct relationship between the individual and God. a. Composed of laymen (presbyters) and clergymen. . The second and third journeys were to Milan, for Wolfgang to complete operas that had been commissioned there on the . With a balance between its leading merchant families, Florence was now ruled by its guilds, divided into seven major guilds and a number of minor ones. The Patron. A humorist who portrayed a comic world of giants whose adventures satirized education, politics, and philosophy. The new economic system, _____, emerged in its early phase in the 15th century. a. b. In the West, Constantine I (r. 306-337 CE) successfully defeated Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge in Rome. _____ were an especially popular art form in Flanders in the early 15th century. And, by the end of the centuryfor the first time since antiquitysome art was being made simply "for art's sake." When the Medici family was restored to power in Florence, Machiavelli was dismissed from office and permitted to retire to his country home where he de-voted himself to writing. 1. Unable to prove his theory: had to publish an introduction stating it was only a possible alternative to Ptolemy's theory. During the Middle Ages books had to be hand copied (time consuming and expensive) on parchment (goat skin). 2. The Medici banking family was the leading patron of Renaissance Florence. According to legend, Rome was founded by brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 BCE atop Rome's Palatine Hill. The leading artistic centers of 16th-century central Italy were _____ . Featured great achievements in literature, art, and science. "With iron," he said, "and not with gold, Rome buys her freedom." The long-time center of the powerful Roman Empire, Rome boasts nearly 3,000 years of architecture, history, and culture. Botticelli's lyrical paintings matched the cerebral refinement of Florence's humanists, especially the Neoplatonic philosophers, who saw beauty as a way to approach an understanding of the divine. To mark Lorenzo's coming of age in 1469, a joust was held. ), each with their owngovernment (some were ruled by despots, and others were republics). on panel, Samuel H. Kress Collection, 1939.1.229. The bowl at the saint's foot recalls his baptism of Christ, while goldfinches, whose red markings were believed to have been made by Christ's crown of thorns, remind viewers of the Crucifixion. Investment in culture, including the patronage of artists and architects and the purchase of books and manuscripts, became a fundamental expression of the Medicis aristocratic way of life; it was continued by Cosimos son, Piero, and his grandson, Lorenzo (dubbed the Magnificent). Admit he was wrong and ask for forgiveness. Pallas and the Centaur by Sandro Botticelli, 1480-85, via The Uffizi Galleries, Florence Between Florence, Milan, Naples, and Rome, Florence was not the most militarily powerful nation. Scientists formed societies to discuss and publish their discoveries. Cosimo and his wife, Eleonora of Toledo, patronized the arts and undertook vast building programs, such as the construction of the Uffizi, the renovation of the Palazzo Vecchio, and the reconstruction of the Pitti Palace. The northern Italian cities developed international trade: Genoa, Venice, Milan 1. In ancient Rome, the leading patrons were the old patrician families which had retaimed their wealth and prestiege. c. Simony: selling appointments to Church offices. The city generally declined under prolonged Medici rule, a process that was marked only by the extended reign of Cosimo III (16701723) and the end of the family with the death of his son, Gian Gastone. b. Galileo made a telescope from work that had been done by a Dutchman. 1534: The Act of Supremacy passed by Parliament. Luckily for Florence, the Duke of Milan caught the plague and died in 1402. Created a Theocracy in Geneva: regulated the lives and conduct of the citizens. Fascination with the melodies, rhythms, and colorful materials from distant lands is a romantic trend known as musical nationalism. A scholar and clever political leader. 3.) c. This action is viewed as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. b. The 4th and 7th Street entrances are exit-only. A Frenchman who wrote a series of essays. According to legend, Rome was founded by brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C.E. Sculpture Garden c. The Prince: major work on ethics and government describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong and accept the philosophy that. c. The Church of England or the Anglican Church: 1.) Their knowledge of the source of the classical orders and ideas formed greatly the Renaissance. Florence Rome Venice Naples Milan. Milan has a serious arts scene, breathtaking sites, and gastronomical delights. Direct link to giorgia castiello's post What elements of worldvie, Posted a year ago. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. b. Henry wanted to marry a younger woman, Anne Boleyn. You will stay for 8 nights in total, 2 nights each in Rome, Florence, Milan and Venice.. #Italians demanded the removal of #NATO bases from their land and restoration of relations with #Russia In Rome, Florence, Milan, Genoa and a number of other #Italian cities, rallies were held against arms supplies to #Kiev, as well as against anti-#Russian #sanctions #USA #EU . But the colors differ from Leonardos subdued palette, and the landscape lacks his fanciful mountains. Drew inspiration from classical civilization - eagerly seeking, studying, and publicizing ancient Greek and Roman manuscripts. He opposed the annulment of Henry and Catherine. Focused attention upon secular society rather than the medieval preoccupation with the Church and religious affairs. The assassins, members and supporters of the Pazzi family, banking rivals of the Medici, awaited their signal. These popes demanded devotion to duty and the highest religious standards. This was true not only for the wealthy, but also for those of more modest means. 3. 3) Train up to Venice, Explore Venice for 3 Days. . Immerse yourself in the history of Rome at the Colosseum and travel back in time discovering the ruins of Pompeii. A few weeks after his birth, the family moved to Florence. The phones, electricity, drains, roads, garbage collection and internet are now much better than they were then. Henry VIII appointed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury. Hotel for 3 nights in Rome. b. During the 12th and 13th centuries the economic and political power of the city grew steadily. * Claimed indulgences would not only bring pardon for sins, but also pardon for sins not yet committed. Let's see how the two cities . 1.) 1. 2. Political Problem: Henry was opposed to the interference of any outside power or the influence of the Catholic Church within England. That's not nice. An Italian who lived in Florence during his formative years and was influenced by the Renaissance spirit of Humanism. Return flights are included and a range of 3 and 4 hotels, with a train journey in between . b. Religious revolt against the authority and certain doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. b. Rubens (1577-1640) -- depicted action in religious and historical paintings. a. A city-state run during the Renaissance by the Medici family. a. The Invention of Printing: Encourages Literature. B. Located on the Mediterranean, Italy had absorbed stimulating new ideas from the more advanced Byzantine and Moslem Worlds. Tickets cost 23 - 35 and the journey takes 3h 35m. Known for the Frescos he painted in the Papal Library at Rome. By the 3rd century ce Florence was a provincial capital of the Roman Empire and a prosperous commercial centre. Influenced by the artistic achievements of Classical Greece and Rome. The Della Torre were a wealthy noble family who had ruled over Milan in the High Middle Ages. Basic Doctrine: Predestination ------- God has chosen those who would be saved before birth. Among the greatest patrons in 15th-century Florence were members of the powerful Medici family, who ruled as princes, though the city was, in name, a republic. The rise of the Florentine woolen cloth industry and of banking provided a basis of capital. 3. His strict rule came to an end in 1498, but with it closed a phase of Florentine greatness. Expensively clad citizens reenacted the journey of the three kings to Bethlehem with processions through the streets. He was Dutch and a brilliant classical scholar. Early 1600's: Kepler proved Copernicus correct, but only mathematically. As the 1400s progressed, however, patrons became increasingly interested in personal fame and worldly prestige. Train from Rome to Florence. Alternatively, FlixBus operates a bus from Milan to Florence once daily. In the 15th Century, Renaissance ideas began to spread from Italy to France, the German states, Holland, and England. The Florentine citizens interpreted these military "victories" as signs of God's favor and protection. 5. Locals devour lampredotto sarnies while glugging Chianti reds in hidden trattoria. In Hebrew, Raphael's name means "God has healed." Who were patrons of Renaissance culture? Henry converted to Catholicism: political com promise to gain control of Paris. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. b. In 1400 Florence was engaged in a struggle with the Duke of Milan. b. This small devotional panel is painted in the style of Andrea del Verrocchio but is the work of one of his students, Lorenzo di Credi, who inherited the workshop when Andrea died. It recognized the King not the Pope as the head of the Church in England. 1450: printing with movable type was invented by a German, Johan Gutenberg. Luther issued an Open Declaration to the rulers of Germany. Works like this devout image contrast with the sensuality and luxury denounced by Savonarola. In summary, why visit these Rome, Florence, Venice or Milan? b. a. Filippino Lippi, Italian, 1457 - 1504, The Coronation of the Virgin, c. 1475, oil and tempera (?) The first, an extended tour of 15 months, was financed by performances for the nobility and by public concerts, and took in the most important Italian cities. a. b. An Italian, born in Florence, served that city in various governmental positions until he was exiled by political opponents. Paintings of Tobias and his angelic guardian were likely commissioned as dedications to ensure a safe journey, or offer thanks for a safe return. 2.) Finish off your travels relaxing on the . Direct link to 22_kelley's post What year was this articl, Posted 5 years ago. Direct link to Rida issa's post To behonest thats lowkey . 1. 2. Over the centuries: other languages had been evolving through everyday usage. Pre-reserved train tickets ensure a smooth, hassle-free trip. 2. a. a. This painting is based on the Book of Tobit which tells the story of Tobit of Nenevah. 1. It was ruled by the powerful Medici Family who used their money to support artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. It glorified the individual and approved worldly pleasures, viewing life as worthwhile for its own sake, not chiefly as a preparation for the life to come (salvation). 1. Among them: Two bishops and Archbishop Cranmer (67 years old) were burned at the stake. Direct link to pim hienkens's post Was it not so that during, Posted 8 years ago. This made it vulnerable to conquering in a period when Italian city-states would fight for power between each other. b. Lutheran: Justification By Faith --- salvation would be granted through faith alone. The patrons provided many types of support to their clients who, in turn, rendered services and loyalty to their patrons. Patrons of Renaissance Art: Roles, Influence & Famous Works Lesson Transcript Instructor: Christopher Muscato Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern. When informed that the city was ready to capitulate by paying off the enemy, Camillus stirred his troops and fellow citizens with powerful rhetoric. c. Prohibiting Usury restricted the growth of business. a. Anatomy: dissected bodies of executed criminals at first to improve his painting -- learned much about the human body. Among the greatest patrons in 15th-century Florence were members of the powerful Medici family, who ruled as princes, though the city was, in name, a republic. Church Opposition: Galileo was called before the Inquisition and was forced to recant or face being accused a heretic. Political parties grew up along the issues of aggressive expansion and preservation of peace; the former policy was embraced by the Blacks (Neri; the rich merchants), the latter by the Whites (Bianchi; the lesser citizens). Enter or exit from Constitution Avenue or Madison Drive. 5. Two other operators also service this route. 2. Refused to deal with the question of indulgences. Of course this exodus continued after Constantinople was conquered by the Turks in 1453. This is just my advice, and you'll get other suggestions, but I might recommend something more like this: 1) Rome (3D), 2) Train somewhere less big than Florence, like Arezzo (in Tuscany). Train from Florence to Venice. Again, luckily for Florence, the Duke was defeated in 1425. The National Gallery of Art serves the nation by welcoming all people to explore and experience art, creativity, and our shared humanity. 1 / 20. It's a sleek and chic modern city, the thriving finance and fashion capital of Italy. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, and Macbeth. In Addition: they also depicted worldly subjects, landscapes, portraits, and scenes of everyday life. The Tithe: too heavy a burden for the people; also, a constant flow of money out of the country to the Papacy. Preachers like Savonarola complained that excessive luxury obscured the day's religious significance. Many doctrines were the same as the Catholic Church ----- however, it had been influenced by Protestant teachings. He later claimed that he won the battle because of the Christian god and became a Christian. Although the archangel is usually shown with a mortar or medicine box, his identity here is established by the presence of Tobias holding a fish. Direct link to David Alexander's post Giorgia, my friend, this , Posted 4 years ago. 3. Probably this one was placed over the entrance to a private chapel or sacristy, but its original location remains unknown. The practice and use of experimentation, observation and the use of mathematics were introduced in the late Renaissance. Patrons had come to value instead the skill of the painter, as we do today. Milan is the capital of the Lombardy region in northern Italy and is the wealthiest city in Italy. However, if you're traveling on a slower . These artists often filled in at leading workshops when extra assistants were needed for important commissions. * Luther: "He would appeal to the teachings found in the Bible.". (Such an unambiguous pursuit of power by leaders at this time was given codification in 1513 by Niccol Machiavelli in his treatise The Prince.) From the late 10th century onward, Florence prospered, and, under the rule of Countess Matilda of Tuscany (10691115), it became the leading city in Tuscany. a Florentine humanist who had a number of patrons and followers in Rome. For inspiration Credi seems also to have looked to a fellow studentLeonardo da Vinci. Because of this, Milan is known as Italy's "new" city and represents modern Italy. Direct link to Leigh's post What were some examples o, Posted 8 years ago. He lived an increasingly opulent life, as is apparent in the ostentation of the Medici Palace and the patronage of churches such as San Lorenzo and the monastery of St. Mark, with its frescoes by Fra Angelico. The spread of these ideas resulted from religious, military, and commercial contacts. . 4. (Catholic or Lutheran). Then in 1536 the statesman and historian Francesco Guicciardini began to compose his History of Italy, with its ideal vision of the era of Lorenzo the Magnificent and its pessimism concerning more recent events. Raphael is named only in the Book of Tobit. It began with the rediscovery of Greco-Roman Civilization which had been neglected during the Middle Ages. However, in 1527 the riotous Spanish army of Emperor Charles V overran Rome, and, during this moment of weakness, republicans again expelled the Medici from Florence, only to be punished in 1530 when pope and emperor were reconciled. a. Milan. capitalism. Dominated French literature as its leading comic dramatist. Florence's position in the wool and silk industries relied on its reputation for qualitya tradition of craftsmanship that made discerning patrons of its merchants and financiers. The slow economic rebirth of Italy in the fifty years following the devastation of the 1348 plague resulted in a population shift from countryside to commune. Florence, Cinque Terre, Rome, & Amalfi Coast - 12 Days. Jan van Eyck. 1529: another Diet met --- ended toleration for Lutherans in Catholic German States. The works in this tour date from the time of Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent, whom Machiavelli called "the greatest patron of literature and art that any prince has ever been."
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